POWER PLANT: Two BMW 801D radial engines, rated at 1,750 hp each and two Junkers Jumo 003 turbo-jet engines, rated at 880 kp each
PERFORMANCE: 571 mph
COMMENT: This Blohm & Voss project from 1944 was designed as a general purpose/long-range fighter. The wing was straight and unswept, with the section between the two engine nacelles being thicker and having increased chord, to house the main wheels of the tricycle landing gear. Two BMW 801D radial engines were mounted at the forward end of the nacelles, and two Junkers Jumo 004 turbo-jet engines were located in the rear of the nacelles. Provision was made for use of other turbo-jet engines, e.g. BMW 003 (Bv P. 203.2) and Heinkel-Hirth HeS 011 (Bv P. 203.03) The aircraft was heavily armed including a remotely controlled twin MG 131 13mm machine guns in the tail firing to the rear. Due to the “Jägernotprogramm” (Fighter-emergency-programme) all work was cancelled (Ref: 23)
POWER PLANT: One Heinkel-Hirth HeS 011A turbojet, rated at 1,300 kp
PERFORMANCE: 565 mph at 19,685 ft (estimated)
COMMENT: The Heinkel he 162D was a parallel development to the Heinkel He 162C what was essentially similar but featured a swept-forward wing. There appeared to be certain advantages to be gained by sweeping the wing surfaces forward towards the tips, the critical Mach number being similar to that for an equal angle of sweepback but the tip stall tendency being removed and thus permitting higher taper ratios in both planform and thickness.
Swept-forward wings were also tested or designed in Germany by Junkers with Ju 287, EF 122, 125, EF 131, by Blohm & Voss with Bv P.209.02, and in the United States with Cornelius XFG-1 fuel-transport glider.
Neither the Heinkel He 162C nor the He 162D took-off into the air. But when the Heinkel factory at Schwechat, Austria, was occupied by Allied troops, a half-completed prototype for the Heinkel-Hirth HeS 0114A-powered B- model was found, this having interchangeable swept-back (He 162C) and swept-forward wings (He 162D). (Ref.: 7)
POWER PLANT: One Heinkel-Hirth HeS-0114A turbojet, rated at 1,300 kp
PERFORMANCE: 565 mph at 19,658 ft (estimated)
COMMENT: Progressive development of the basic Heinkel He 162 design led to the He 162C. This project utilized the B-series fuselage and the more powerful Heinkel-Hirth HeS 011A turbojet, had wings swept back 38 degrees at the leading edge, and a V-type or “butterfly” tail. This latter was tested by the He 280 V8. The new wing featured a coarse anhedral angle from two-thirds span.
The He 162C was envisaged as a target-defence interceptor and it was proposed to equip the fighter with a variation of “Schräge Musik” (Jazz music, Luftwaffe term for fixed weapons firing obliquely upward) with a pair of 30-mm MK 103 cannon on special mountings enabling them to be tilted upwards at a fine angle from the horizontal. This enabled the guns to be fired while the fighter underflew the target.
The He 162C project was not realized, but when the Heinkel factory at Schwechat, Austria, was occupied by Allied troops, a half-completed prototype for the Heinkel-Hirth HeS 0114A-powered model was found, this having interchangeable swept-back (He 162C) and swept-forward wings (He 162D). (Ref.: 7)
POWER PLANT: One Argus Ar 044 pulse jet, rated at 500 kp thust
PERFORMANCE: 410 mph at 9,850 ft
COMMENT: In November 1944, the RLM issued a requirement for a very simple, rapidly produced small fighter aircraft. This Miniaturjäger (Miniature Fighter) program was to use the simplest and cheapest power plant available, and to have the minimum of strategic materials and practically no electrical equipment. As power unit the Argus Ar 014 or Ar 044 was proposed and the Miniaturjäger was to take-off – rocket assisted with two Schmidding 109-533 solid-fuel rockets, rated at 1,000 kp thrust for 12 sec each – and land conventionally. Only three firms participated in this design competition, Heinkel He 162B Single Argus, Junkers EF 126 and Blohm & Voss Bv P.213. As the best design the Junkers EF 126 Lilly was selected but in December 1944 the Miniaturjäger-program was cancelled. (Ref.: 7)
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus
Heinkel He 162B Single Argus and Heinkel He 162B Twin Argus
POWER PLANT: Two Argus As 014 pulse jets, rated at 333 kp thrust each
PERFORMANCE: 484 mph at 9,850 ft (estimated)
COMMENT: From the outset of the He 162 programme, the Heinkel team had envisaged the eventual use of the Heinkel-Hirth 011A (HeS 11A) turbojet in the He 162 aircraft as the He 162B-1. Possessing a similar structure to that of the A-series fighter, the He 162B had a lengthened fuselage which permitted an increase of internal fuel capacity. Due to the slow production rate of that engine, in early 1945 the Nazi Party Leader Saur’s Fighter Air Staff requested proposals for the adaptation of the He 162 to take the Argus-Röhre, a simple pulse jets or intermittent propulsive ducts. Heinkel as well as the RLM’s Technische Amt found that the Argus-Röhren were totally unsuited for fighter installation. But nevertheless, project studies were started by adapting a He 162B-series airframe to take either one or two Argus-Rohr units. The first arrangement called for the two Argus-Röhren As 014 with 333 kp thust each to be mounted side-by-side over the rear fuselage. Apart from excessive vibration the aircraft needed two Schmidding 109-533 solid-fuel take-off rockets with 1,000kp thrust for 12 sec. each. The high fuel consumption of the pulse jet militated against its used as a “Volksjäger power plant. As Heinkel had little enthusiasm for the Argus-Rohr-powered He 162, this programme advanced no further than the drawing board. (Ref.: 7)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus)
Heinkel He 162B (Twin Argus) and Heinkel He 162B (Single Argus)
POWER PLANT: One BMW 003E-1 turbojet, rated at 800 kp
PERFORMANCE: 521 mph at 19,690 ft
COMMENT: The so-called “Volksjäger (Peoples Fighter) project was started on September 8th, 1944 when the basic project requirements were issued by the Technisches Amt des RLM (Technical Office of the State Ministry of Aviation) and the Jägerstab (Fighter Staff) to several aircraft companies as Arado, Blohm & Voss, Fieseler, Focke-Wulf, Heinkel, Messerschmitt, and Junkers. It was envisaged a simple, inexpensive fighter, suitable for quantity production from easy-available materials by semi-skilled and unskilled labour. The Volksjäger was to be powered by a single BMW 003 “Sturm” (“Storm”) turbojet and had to be ready for mass production by January 1st, 1945.
Messerschmitt had refused to submit any proposal and nearly all other designs – e. g. Arado E 580, Junkers EF 123 – were found unsuitable. Only Blohm & Voss’s project Bv P.211 being adjudged the best of those submitted. On September 19th, a further conference was held at which all proposals were reviewed. This time the Siebel Aircraft Company took part instead of Messerschmitt. Again it was decided that the Blohm & Voss contender, the Bv P.211, was superior in every respect to all other contenders. But after misunderstandings and disputes it was decided that the Heinkel design He P.1073 was best suited for the future Volksjäger. Immediately construction of the P.1073 began, work on detailed drawings in parallel. In October 1944 the design was redesignated as He 162, code name “Spatz” (“Sparrow”). Orders were given for immediate quantity production with an output of 1,000 aircraft monthly. Within 90 days the He 162 was conceived, designed, built and flown. The first unit to train on the He 162 was the I Gruppe/JG 1. Only 320 He 162 were built before the end of the hostilities, 800 more had reached advanced stages of assembly. There are no veritable reports that the He 162 was involved in combat. (Ref.: 7)
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
Heinkel He 162A-2 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”), Stabsstaffel JG 1
POWER PLANT: One Heinkel He S 011 turbo-jet engine, rated at 1,300 kp, plus one Walter HWK 509A-2 liquid rocket engine, rated at 1,700kp
PERFORMANCE: 920 mph at 18,800 ft, with rocket, 572 mph at 6.160 ft, jet engine only
COMMENT: In mid 1943, the Arado Aircraft Company draw up some studies into the future development of high speed fighters. Among the designs was an interceptor aircraft with a combination of both turbo-jet as well as rocket engine. This project, the Arado Ar TEW 16/43-15, had a single Heinkel He S 011 turbo-jet engine developing 1,300 kp of thrust, mounted atop the fuselage immediately behind the cockpit. To improve the climb rate and performance, a Walter HWK 509A bi-fuel rocket engine was also placed within the rear fuselage. The wings were swept back at 25 degrees, and because of the jet engine’s placement, a twin fin and rudder arrangement was provided. In order to achieve as much space as possible for fuel tanks a special landing gear arrangement was proposed. This was designed by the DVL (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, German Aviation Experimental Establishment). The main wheels were provided with small spherical tires of 12.5 inch in diameter, and were placed in tandem, thus the space needed when retracted was minimal. The nose and main wheels retracted forwards. The cockpit was located in the nose of the fuselage and guaranteed good front view, but vision to the rear was very poor due to the engine and air intake position. Due to these expected problems – same as with another Arado project, the Arado E. 580, further work on this design was cancelled. (Ref.: 16; 18)
POWER PLANT: One BMW 003A-1 turbo-jet engine, rated at 800 kp
PERFORMANCE: 550 mph (estimated)
COMMENT: In September 1944 the Junkers Flugzeugwerke (Junkers aircraft company) submitted a design EF 123 for the Volksjäger competition (People’s Fighter Project). Little is known about the design, only a photo of a model survived. The wings were similar to the Heinkel He 162 “Spatz”. Because the jet engine was placed below the fuselage a “normal” tailplane was provided. The RLM rejected the Junkers EF 123 in favour to the Heinkel He 162 and further work on the design was cancelled. (Ref.: 19; 21)
POWER PLANT: One BMW 003A-1 turbo-jet engine, rated at 800 kp
PERFORMANCE: 470 mph (estimated)
COMMENT: This Arado design dates back to an early 1943s project of a small turbo-jet engine powered ground attack aircraft. In late 1944 this design was revised and submitted for the Volksjäger (Peoples Fighter) competition. The Ar E.580 had an unswept wing that was mounted low on the fuselage. The tail unit had twin fins and rudders. A single BMW 003A-1 jet engine was positioned above the fuselage with the air intake close to the cockpit partially obstructed by the bulged canopy. A tricycle landing-gear was provided. The winner of the competition was the Heinkel He 162 “Spatz” (“Sparrow”). So the Arado project was cancelled. (Ref.: 17)
COMMENT: A similar interceptor project by Eugen Sänger from the Škoda-Kauba company was the Sk P.14-02. Compared to the Sk P.14-01 the design was smaller, had a shortened fuselage and the wings set in a more forward position. As its predecessor the Škoda-Kauba Sk P.14-02 took-off an a slightly lighter three-wheeled trolley, assisted by four Schmidding 109-533 solid-fuel rockets. Additionally the acceleration was needed to reach the speed where the ram-jet would work. The aircraft was landed on a retractable skid. Performance data were similar to the Sk P.14-01. None of the projected aircraft to fly on ramjet power were completed. (Ref.: 20)
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Skoda-Kauba SK P.14-02
Scale 1:72 aircraft models of World War II
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