Category Archives: Luftwaffe

Deutschland / Germany

Glider

Lippisch DM-1(Huma)

Gallery

TYPE: Test glider for Lippisch P. 13a supersonic ramjet project

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only

POWER PLANT: None

PERFORMANCE: Unknown

COMMENT: During work on the Lippisch P.13a supersonic ramjet project the Lippisch team proposed to build a test glider in order to study the flight characteristics of this revolutionary design. So a test glider was built by students from technical universities of Darmstadt and Munich, designated DM-1 (Darmstadt-München 1). At the end of the war the prototype of this test glider had not been finished when it was captured by US forces at the Prien airfield in Bavaria. Prof. Theodore von Karmann, a high capacity in aerodynamics in supersonic airflow, (native Hungarian, worked in Germany, later in the US) proposed to complete the test glider by Lippisch’s team. The aircraft was then shipped to the USA where it was test flown. According to NACA the results were positive and lessons learned were incorporated into NASA’s research as well as service aircraft of the 1950s. Mainly the Convair Company recognized the advantage on the Lippisch P.13a design and built the delta-aircraft XF2Y-1, XF-92, F-102, F-106, and B-58 (Ref. 19, 23)

Fighter, Composite, Projects

Lippisch P.13a (RS-Model; Resin) with Dornier Do 217K-1 (Italeri)

Gallery

TYPE: High-speed experimental fighter project

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only

POWER PLANT: One Kronach-Lorin coal burning ramjet, power output unknown

PERFORMANCE: 1.025 mph (estimated)

COMMENT: The Lippisch P.13a was an experimental ramjet-powered delta wing interceptor aircraft designed in late 1944. The aircraft never made it past the drawing board, but testing of wind-tunnel models in the DVL (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt) thigh-speed wind tunnel showed that the design had extraordinary stability into the Mach 2.6 range. As conventional fuels were in extremely short supply by late 1944, Lippisch proposed that the P.13a be powered by coal. Initially, it was proposed that a wire-mesh basket holding coal be mounted behind a nose air intake, protruding slightly into the airflow and ignited by a gas burner. Following wind-tunnel testing of the ramjet and the coal basket, modifications were incorporated to provide more efficient combustion. The coal was to take the form of small granules instead of irregular lumps, to produce a controlled and even burn, and the basket was altered to a mesh drum revolving on a vertical axis at 60 rpm. A jet of flame from tanks of bottled gas would fire into the basket once the P.13a had reached operating speed (above 200 mph). The aircraft started on a trolley by using solid-fuel rockets or by towplane. For tests it could be launched by a carrier aircraft. In order to test this unorthodox design a test glider DM-1 was built by students from technical faculty of Darmstadt and Munich (DM 1 = Darmstadt-München 1). Furthermore, Film footage exists which shows a gliding test of a scaled-down model of the Lippisch P.13a. These tests began in May 1944 at Spitzerberg, near Vienna, before Nazi Germany collapsed (Ref.: 23).

Glider

Horten Ho IX V-1 (A + V Models, Resin)

Gallery

TYPE: Test glider for the turbojet powered Gotha Go 229

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only

POWER PLANT: None

PERFORMANCE: Not available

COMMENT: During summer 1943 the RLM interest in a pure flying wing had waned. Despite this loss of official interest, the Horten brothers continued to work on their jet fighter project which they had designated Horten Ho IX, and although entirely unauthorized by the RLM, construction work on a prototype had already started at Göttingen. To explore the aerodynamic characteristics of the revolutionary fighter thoroughly before attempting powered flight trials, the first prototype, the Ho IX V-1, was intended from the outset for testing as a glider before the installation of the planned BMW 003 turbojets, and was provided with a fixed tricycle undercarriage, the legs of the aft members being enclosed by swept aerofoil-section fairings. It was not until early 1944 that the RLM became aware of the existence of the Horten prototype and issued instructions that powered trial should be initiated. During spring 1944 the Ho IX V-1 had performed its first successful gliding trials and showed highly favourable results. But further trials terminated abruptly when the prototype crashed during a landing attempt. Meanwhile work began on the construction of a second prototype, Horten Ho IX V-2. The center section, accommodating the cockpit, power plants and undercarriage wells, was of conventional welded steel-tube construction with plywood skinning. Powered by two Junkers Jumo 004B turbojet engines, the Horten Ho IX V-2 made its test flight in January 1945.

Fighter, Projects

Arado E. 581-4 (Anigrand, Resin)

Gallery

TYPE: Interceptor fighter, experimental aircraft

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only

POWER PLANT: One Heinkel/Hirth HeS 011 turbojet engine, rated at 1.300 kp

PERFORMANCE: 530 mph

COMMENT: End of 1943, the Arado Aircraft Company began work on a series of delta shaped, turbojet powered bombers, to fulfill the request of a “Long Range/High Speed Flying Wing Aircraft”.  In fact, most of the (in total 14) projects, designated Ar E.555-1 to -14, had a flying wing configuration because it  was thought to be the best design to fulfill a requirement of high speed, heavy loading and long-range aviation. Power was delivered by four to six turbojet engines. Due to the design acceptance by the RLM in early 1944, the Arado design team scaled down the projected, six turbojet engines equipped Arado E.555-1 bomber in same layout to design a smaller size fighter version, the Ar E.581-4. It was a single-seat fighter with a deep fuselage, and was powered by the single HeS 011 turbojet engine fed by a divided air intake under the cockpit. The wing was of a delta shape with the twin fins and rudders on the trailing edge, and the landing gear was of tricycle arrangement. Although work on the project was in progress Arado was ordered to cease all work on the  Ar E.581 for concentrating all facility resources on the existing fighter production (Jäger-Notprogramm, Fighter emergency program)  (Ref.: 16).

Trainer

Horten Ho VII V-2 (Ho 226) (Frank-Airmodel, Resin)

Gallery

TYPE: Trainer

ACCOMMODATION: Crew of two

POWER PLANT: Two Argus As 10 C air-cooled engines, rated at 250 hp each

PERFORMANCE: 212 mph

COMMENT: To support the development of flying wing aircraft the Luftwaffe founded a special “Luftwaffen-Sonderkommando 9” (Air Force Special Command 9). This command ordered several two-seater flying wing trainers for pilots who should fly the on-coming Horten/Gotha Go 229 twin-engine flying wing turbojet fighter. In 1943, based on the Horten V the Horten Brothers developed the Horten Ho VII, a flying wing with an enlarged center section to hold a longer canopy for a crew of 2, and greater fuel tanks. The wing sections remained nearly unchanged. Two aircraft were built by Peschke Company at Minden and flight tested at Minderheide airfield, the Ho VII V-1 with fixed undercarriage, the Ho VII V-2 with retracting undercarriage, the front wheel backwards and the main wheels forwards into the fuselage. Further tests were performed by Skoda-Kauba-Flugzeugwerke at Ruzyn airfield close to Prague (occupied by Germany at that time). In 1945 an order calling for 20 Ho VII trainers was placed as trainer for the Horten/Gotha Go 229 flying wing turbojet fighter. With the end of WW II all work was cancelled (Ref.: 19).

Trainer

Horten Ho V V-2 (Fruitbat)

Gallery

TYPE: Experimental flying wing

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only

POWER PLANT: Two Hirth HM 60R inline engines, rated at 80 hp each, driving pusher propellers

PERFORMANCE: 218 mph

COMMENT: Walter and Reimar Horten, credited as the Horten Brothers, were German aircraft pilots and enthusiasts. Although they had little, if any, formal training in aeronautics or related fields, the Horten Brothers designed not only some outstanding gliders but some of the most advanced aircraft of the mid 1940s, including the world’s first jet-powered flying wing, the Horten Ho 229. Early in 1930, both began their career by designing some outstanding gliders, most of them in flying wing configuration. The first Horten Ho I glider was awarded for its excellent construction and was followed by the Horten Ho II that, after flight testing as glider, was powered  by one Hirth HM 60 R engine with pusher-type propeller. Further development was the Horten Ho III, a high performance glider, of which 14 aircraft were built, and the Horten Ho IV, also a high performance glider. In 1936, supported by the Dynamit Noble Company, construction of the Horten Ho V began, a twin engine flying wing with two seats and built completely from “Trolitax”, a new synthetic material. Most advanced was its control system by combining lateral and yaw control. Undamped vibrations occurred during flight and the aircraft crashed, the pilot survived. The second prototype, the Horten Ho V V-2, a single seater, was constructed in a conventional way, as far as the material and the control systems are concerned. During flight tests the aircraft showed excellent handling characteristics but remained grounded as WW II proceeded (Ref.:  19)

Fighter, Projects

Focke-Wulf Fw “Triebflügeljäger” (“Thrust-wing Fighter”) (Huma)

Gallery

TYPE: Target defense interceptor. Project.

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only, in seated position

POWER PLANT: Three Pabst/Lorin ramjets at wingtips, rated at 840 kp thrust each. For starting ramjets Walther 109-500 solid-fuel rockets were fitted to each ramjet, rated at 500 kp for 30 seconds each

PERFORMANCE: 621 mph (estimated)

COMMENT:  This Focke-Wulf Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) fighter/interceptor project was designed in September 1944, at the same time when the Heinkel Company worked on its VTOL-projects “Lerche” and “Wespe”. But in contrast to the latter two designs the propulsion system of the Focke-Wulf project was radical different. Three untapered wings rotated around the fuselage and had a gradually decreasing pitch towards the wingtips, thus acting like a giant propeller (“Triebflügel”). At the end of each wing was a Pabst ramjet. Since ramjets do not operate at slow speeds, the wing-rotor had to be driven by small Walter rocket engines, fitted to each ramjet pod. When the plane was sitting on its tail in the vertical position, the rotors would have functioned similarly to a helicopter. When flying horizontally, they would function more like a giant propeller. A cruciform empennage at the rear of the fuselage comprised four tail planes, fitted with moving ailerons that would also have functioned as combined rudders and elevators. A single large and sprung wheel in the extreme end of the fuselage provided the main undercarriage. Four small castoring wheels on extensible struts were placed at the end of each tail plane to steady the aircraft on the ground and allow it to be moved. The main and outrigger wheels were covered by streamlined clamshell doors when in flight. When taking off, the rotors would be angled to give lift as with a helicopter or, more accurately, a gyrodyne. Once the aircraft had attained sufficient altitude it could be angled into level flight. This required a slight nose-up pitch to provide some downward thrust as well as primarily forward thrust. Consequently, the four cannons in the forward fuselage would have been angled slightly downward in relation to the center line of the fuselage. The rotors provided the only significant lift in horizontal flight. To land, the aircraft had to slow its speed and pitch the fuselage until the craft was vertical. Power could then be reduced and it would descend until the landing gear rested on the ground. This would have been a tricky and probably dangerous maneuver given that the pilot would be seated facing upward and the ground would be behind his head at this stage. Unlike some other tail sitter aircraft, the pilot’s seat was fixed in the direction for forward flight. The spinning rotor would also obscure rear vision. Although the “Triebflügeljäger” project was not realized, a wind tunnel model was tested up to a speed of Mach 0.9 (Ref.: 17, 18, 23)

Fighter, Fighterbomber, Projects

Blohm & Voss Bv P. 204 with Blohm & Voss Bv 246 “Hagelkorn” (Hailstone) (Airmodel, Vacu formed)

Gallery

TYPE: Ground attack aircraft, dive bomber. Project.

ACCOMMODATION: Pilot only

POWER PLANT: One BMW 301D radial engine, rated at 1,870 hp and one BMW 003A-1 turbojet engine, rated at 900 kp

PERFORMANCE: 472 mph

COMMENT: This asymmetric mixed-propulsion ground attack aircraft and dive bomber was designed by Dr. Richard Vogt, Chief engineer of the Blohm & Voss Aircraft Company. The wing was of an unswept, rectangular shape with taper and dihedral on the outer wing panels. The fuselage was slightly offset to the starboard side, to balance the BMW 003A or Heinkel He S 011 turbojet that was slung beneath the port wing. A BMW 801 D radial engine also provided power, this being located in the nose of the fuselage. The tail plane was located forward of the vertical tail on a stepped section of the fin. A conventional landing gear design was chosen for the BV P.204, with the tailwheel retracting backwards into the rear fuselage, while the mail wheels retracted outwards into the wing. Armament consisted of two MG 151/20 20mm cannon with 250 rounds of ammunition located ahead of the cockpit firing through the propeller and two MG 151/20 20mm cannon mounted in the wings firing outside of the propeller arc. There was a provision to mount two MK 103 30mm cannon with 70 rounds of ammunition beneath the wings also. For highly defended targets a Blohm & Voss Bv 246 “Hagelkorn” (“Hailstone”) missile, an automatic guided glide bomb, could be carried externally under the fuselage (Ref.: 16).

Heavy Bomber, Projects

Blohm & Voss Bv P.188.02 (Unicraft, Resin)

Gallery

TYPE: Heavy jet-bomber. Project

ACCOMMODATION: Crew of two

POWER PLANT: Four Junkers Jumo 004C-1 turbojet engines, rated at 1,020 kp thrust each

PERFORMANCE: 509 mph

COMMENT: This Blohm & Voss jet bomber project was designed to carry a great bomb load and enough fuel for long distance operations. There were four different designs, P.188.01 to P.188.04. Common to all was a rather wide fuselage center section – except for the Bv P.188.04 whose fuselage was slender – designed as an armored steel shell and located in the center of gravity. This caused a special arrangement of the landing gear in all projects with twin main wheels in tandem with an auxiliary outrigger landing gear outboard from the wings. Very unusual was the W-type layout of the wings. These had a constant 3 degree dihedral with the inner section swept back to 20 degree and then a 20 degree swept forward outer section. This was calculated to give good performance at both low and high speeds. The only drawback was excessive air pressure on the wing tips, which was to be corrected by a variable incidence system which could be adjusted through 12 degrees. An advantage of this arrangement was the fact that the fuselage was constant horizontal during take-off and landing. The crew sat in a pressured, extensively glazed cockpit. Four Junkers Jumo 004 C-1 turbojets were mounted in four single nacelles, two beneath each wing, again except for the Bv P.188.04 where two engines were combined in one nacelle on each side. Both designs of the Bv P.188.01 and Bv P.188.03 had a single fin and rudder design and an airbrake at the tail, while the Bv P.188.02 and Bv P.188.04 were of a twin fin and rudder design, with a dihedral tail-plane and the extreme tail had a remote-controlled FDL 131 Z twin 13mm machine guns firing to the rear. All these futuristic designs remained on the drawing boards (Ref.: 17).

Fighterbomber, Projects

Blohm & Voss Bv P. 163.02 (RS Models, Resin)

Gallery

TYPE: Heavy fighter bomber. Project.

ACCOMMODATION: Crew of five

POWER PLANT: One BMW 803, a combination of two BMW 801 radial engines, coupled back to back, rated at 3,847 hp, driving three-bladed contra-rotating propellers

PERFORMANCE: 354 mph

COMMENT: This very unorthodox Blohm & Voss design of a single-engine heavy attack bomber dates back to 1942. Basic concept was the construction of a heavy aircraft around the most powerful engines available in Germany at that time. Two versions were proposed to the RLM differing primarily in the power units.  While the Bv P. 163.01 was powered by a Daimler-Benz DB 613C liquid-cooled engine, a side-by-side arrangement of two DB 603G engines, rated together at 3,800 hp, the Bv P. 163.02 was to be powered by a BMW 803 engine, a back-to-back combination of two BMW 801 radial engines, rated at 3,850 hp. All engines drove three-blades, contra-rotating propellers. Very unusual were the location of the cockpits for crew-members. The pilot and navigator/radio operator sat in a nacelle located at the extreme end of port wing, with a rear gunner in a turret with two twin mounted MG 151 15mm machine guns to the rear. Another nacelle was located on the starboard wingtip and was manned by two gunners, one firing a machine gun forward from the front and a second from turret on the top of the nacelle, the other gunner sat in a turret at the rear, also with two machine guns. The bomb-bay was located mid-fuselage, over-load bombs could be carried under wing-root mounted racks. In order to test this unusual arrangement an asymmetrical Blohm & Voss Bv 141 was equipped with a second cockpit installed on the wingtip, the controls coupled with those in the main cockpit. The results showed that this arrangement warranted no advantage and the projects were cancelled (Ref.: 17).